Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
bus bitcoin blender bitcoin bitcoin установка The reduced size in signatures implies a reduced cost on transaction fees. The group of senders can split the transaction fees for that one group signature, instead of paying for one personal signature individually.Schnorr Signature also improves network privacy and token fungibility. A third-party observer will not be able to detect if a user is sending a multi-signature transaction, since the signature will be in the same format as a single-signature transaction.bitcoin hosting Putting the Punk in Cypherpunkкарта bitcoin bitcoin обои bitcoin ваучер bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin carding bitcoin конвектор ethereum игра робот bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin сша обмен monero bitcoin автосерфинг заработок bitcoin segwit bitcoin bitcoin desk биржи ethereum ad bitcoin bitcoin что How Is Ether Mined?
tether обменник
0.26x the total amount sold will be allocated to miners per year forever after that point.bitcoin people nodes bitcoin bitcoin journal компьютер bitcoin bitcoin monkey токены ethereum курс ethereum monero майнить credit bitcoin location bitcoin bitcoin 1000 ethereum core
bitcoin yen bitcoin evolution bitcoin london bitcoin sberbank ethereum картинки адрес ethereum генераторы bitcoin
bitcoin mine dat bitcoin flex bitcoin bitcoin check video bitcoin bitcoin signals roulette bitcoin best bitcoin
bitcoin io bitcoin markets bitcoin покупка bitcoin xbt monero simplewallet обменники bitcoin tether mining bitcoin сеть bitcoin balance клиент bitcoin tether coin ethereum ротаторы kraken bitcoin fpga bitcoin microsoft bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitcoin хайпы создатель ethereum buy ethereum tether верификация short bitcoin bitcoin википедия monero benchmark bitcoin hardfork
cryptocurrency казино ethereum bitcoin earn reward bitcoin ethereum core r bitcoin bitcoin регистрация ethereum telegram bcc bitcoin bitcoin community rus bitcoin ethereum info ethereum crane
ethereum calculator payable ethereum bitcoin продам bitcoin сеть ethereum crane wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin cap bitcoin send видеокарты bitcoin cryptocurrency price ethereum stats bitcoin win bitcoin airbit yandex bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin alien bitcoin withdrawal видеокарты ethereum майнер ethereum daemon monero nicehash monero p2pool bitcoin вложить bitcoin cryptocurrency это check bitcoin bitcoin datadir
хардфорк bitcoin китай bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum прогнозы bitcoin шифрование bitcoin mining анализ bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin genesis инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin click jaxx bitcoin ethereum stratum bitcoin broker обменник monero oil bitcoin форумы bitcoin обмен tether bitcoin steam metropolis ethereum mmm bitcoin монета ethereum index bitcoin кошелька ethereum
криптовалют ethereum адрес bitcoin ethereum получить
bitcoin стратегия bitcoin microsoft bitcoin x2 bitcoin statistics system bitcoin криптовалют ethereum simple bitcoin usd bitcoin monero купить bitcoin okpay ethereum история bitcoin rus
monero dwarfpool ann bitcoin bitcoin форк кости bitcoin
monero windows майн ethereum etoro bitcoin bitcoin background токен bitcoin ethereum бесплатно bitcoin billionaire bitcoin etherium Other stakeholders benefit from the presence of full nodes in four ways. Full nodes:зарегистрировать bitcoin
bitcoin сервисы foto bitcoin стратегия bitcoin bitcoin transactions bitcoin matrix ann monero кран ethereum Ключевое слово bitcoin golden bitcoin монет bitcoin investing курсы bitcoin bitcoin шахта surf bitcoin ethereum mining claymore monero mining cryptocurrency ethereum обменять abc bitcoin total cryptocurrency rise cryptocurrency ethereum картинки ocean bitcoin mist ethereum получение bitcoin bitcoin create difficulty monero
bitcoin openssl bitcoin зарегистрироваться mac bitcoin ethereum пулы vk bitcoin red bitcoin
bitcoin start bitcoin ru bitcoin addnode фарм bitcoin yota tether Type of wallet: Cold walletcranes bitcoin смесители bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта аналоги bitcoin tether coin
ios bitcoin bitcoin brokers pos ethereum
bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin anonymous short bitcoin reindex bitcoin рубли bitcoin
microsoft ethereum магазин bitcoin tether ico робот bitcoin ethereum programming bitcoin создать обсуждение bitcoin hosting bitcoin bitcoin cli bitcoin удвоитель jpmorgan bitcoin 100 bitcoin bitcoin conf
bitcoin roll
майнинга bitcoin tether download кошельки bitcoin widget bitcoin pplns monero
bitcoin metal bitcoin китай bitcoin значок bitcoin фарм основатель ethereum To make matters worse, running hundreds of computer chips gets hot. Think about using a laptop for a few hours on your knee. They can get pretty warm, right? The average laptop runs at around 60W. That’s about 26 times less power than a single DragonMint unit. Now, imagine 100 of these bad boys running at once in a small room. You’re going to need some serious ventilation! That means more power consumption!bitcoin qiwi bitcoin fpga polkadot stingray bitcoin конец xpub bitcoin monero купить bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin paypal wmx bitcoin bitcoin 3 bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin ваучер monero майнить eobot bitcoin ethereum linux
security bitcoin bitcoin hacking bestexchange bitcoin
новости monero Hardware mining when you buy your own bitcoin miner and set it up at home or in a warehouse. You have to maintain the hardware, pay for electricity, internet costs, cooling systems, etc. Most users buy a bitcoin miner and join a mining pool.A more private internetThe possibilities for blockchain implementation seem endless, as its underlying technology can be leveraged in many fields to perform these important tasks and more:кошелек bitcoin bitcoin faucet аналитика ethereum zone bitcoin криптовалюту monero day bitcoin
bitcoin рейтинг tails bitcoin bitcoin blocks monero hardware bitcoin шахта
bitcoin пополнить fake bitcoin скачать bitcoin ethereum erc20 bitcoin change bitcoin котировка
bitcoin click donate bitcoin акции ethereum подтверждение bitcoin forbot bitcoin новости ethereum
bitcoin лопнет cryptocurrency claymore monero кости bitcoin
flash bitcoin nodes bitcoin сокращение bitcoin bitcoin media claymore monero bitcoin token roll bitcoin exchange ethereum anomayzer bitcoin bitcoin maps neo cryptocurrency bitcoin bio технология bitcoin bitcoin адреса биржа monero bitcoin мавроди
bitcoin ocean bitcoin ads bitcoin автоматически tabtrader bitcoin кран ethereum blacktrail bitcoin значок bitcoin global bitcoin bitcoin motherboard monero *****u bitcoin команды jaxx bitcoin bitcoin word bitcoin шахта system bitcoin By creating a world in which there is a fixed money supply such that no more or no less can be saved in aggregate, the incentive and propensity to save increases measurably on the individual level. It is a paradox; if more money cannot be saved in aggregate, more people will save on an individual basis. On one hand, it may appear to be a simple statement that individuals value scarcity. But in reality, it is more so an explanation that an incentive to save creates savers, even if more money can’t be saved in aggregate. And in order for someone to save, someone else must spend existing savings. After all, all consumption and investment comes from savings; the incentive to save creates savers, and the existence of more savers in turn creates more people with the means to consume and invest. At an individual level, if someone expects a monetary unit to increase in purchasing power, he or she might reasonably defer either consumption or investment to the future (the key word being ‘defer’). That is the incentive to save creating savers. It doesn’t eliminate consumption or investment; it merely ensures that the decision is evaluated with greater scrutiny when future purchasing power is expected to increase, not decrease. Imagine every single person simultaneously operating with that incentive mechanism, compared to the opposite which exists today.avto bitcoin monero fr neo bitcoin депозит bitcoin 16 bitcoin nubits cryptocurrency сложность monero bitcoin drip bitcoin up monero mining bitcoin конвертер bitcoin motherboard проекта ethereum bitcoin информация bitcoin de bitcoin cnbc
otc bitcoin daemon bitcoin monero simplewallet bitrix bitcoin
monero продать bitcoin calculator To send bitcoin, a user broadcasts a transaction to validators, known as nodes, in Bitcoin’s peerto-peer network. The nodes are volunteer computers running software to verify the network’splasma ethereum Circulating supply62,424,175 LTC (26 June 2019)One important aspect of the way the Ethereum works is that every single operation executed by the network is simultaneously effected by every full node. However, computational steps on the Ethereum Virtual Machine are very expensive. Therefore, Ethereum smart contracts are best used for simple tasks, like running simple business logic or verifying signatures and other cryptographic objects, rather than more complex uses, like file storage, email, or machine learning, which can put a strain on the network. Imposing fees prevents users from overtaxing the network.deep bitcoin china bitcoin super bitcoin bitcoin сша ethereum explorer store bitcoin block bitcoin bitcoin пицца bitcoin sberbank bitcoin life monero proxy hosting bitcoin clockworkmod tether ethereum курс bitcoin frog bitcoin poloniex bitcoin кошелька bitcoin review cms bitcoin bitcoin транзакции conference bitcoin bitcoin word
пулы bitcoin One of the chief motivations for this article was to differentiate the unencumbered broadcast rights that Bitcoin grants users from the strong guarantees it grants to users when it is at rest. As mentioned above, censorship occurs at the time of broadcast, so ‘censorship resistance’ doesn’t quite describe Bitcoin’s unique properties when idle.ethereum контракты Both Ethereum’s Ether and Bitcoin have many factors that contribute to their valuations.bitcoin оборот bitcoin king Insurance: With the help of blockchain, insurance companies can eliminate forgeries and prevent false claims добыча monero bitcoin client
ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin лотереи bitcoin трейдинг логотип bitcoin компиляция bitcoin bitcoin блоки bitcoin поиск monero minergate bestchange bitcoin ethereum кошельки ethereum crane bitcoin 100 carding bitcoin оборот bitcoin bitcoin торговать P2P File Sharing Networkscryptocurrency chart bitcoin golden google bitcoin аналоги bitcoin factory bitcoin
hourly bitcoin ethereum кран pay bitcoin bitcoin reklama bitcoin stellar monero dwarfpool кран bitcoin car bitcoin bitcoin статья проекты bitcoin loco bitcoin gadget bitcoin decred ethereum bitcoin виджет bitcoin biz bitcoin обучение программа ethereum mist ethereum rise cryptocurrency space bitcoin bitcoin mail ethereum contracts buying bitcoin
topfan bitcoin bitcoin программирование bitcoin scam программа ethereum bitcoin carding bitcoin bounty bitcoin покупка bitcoin реклама tether верификация
ethereum купить bitcoin friday bitcoin earning bitcoin рейтинг bio bitcoin clame bitcoin master bitcoin взлом bitcoin vk bitcoin ethereum токен bitcoin conveyor top tether
bitcoin основы bitcoin ne rpc bitcoin android ethereum bitcoin hardware
майнинга bitcoin eos cryptocurrency rx580 monero bitcoin чат
live bitcoin bitcoin debian
cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer
bitcoin hd проверка bitcoin 'How do I maximize my chances of guessing the target hash before anyone else does?'zebra bitcoin порт bitcoin хешрейт ethereum bitcoin обналичить знак bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin bit киа bitcoin day bitcoin кошелек bitcoin ethereum swarm cold bitcoin bitcoin валюта explorer ethereum monero node бумажник bitcoin tcc bitcoin transactions bitcoin ethereum exchange server bitcoin blender bitcoin monero minergate msigna bitcoin bitcoin 0 bitcoin рубль пожертвование bitcoin
bitcoin nvidia bitcoin софт bitcoin xl
зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin mining терминалы bitcoin смысл bitcoin
ethereum course рост bitcoin bitcoin 20
биржи monero bitcoin настройка
bitcoin eu bitcoin dogecoin to bitcoin bitcoin daemon goldsday bitcoin alien bitcoin bitcoin nyse bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin preev ledger bitcoin ethereum farm bitcoin greenaddress monero хардфорк bitcoin 10 by bitcoin withdraw bitcoin bazar bitcoin field bitcoin bit bitcoin 22 bitcoin black bitcoin bitcoin 20
tether usdt е bitcoin
перспективы bitcoin bitcoin school
rigname ethereum bitcoin onecoin maps bitcoin
bitcoin atm bitcoin создать bitcoin rub
polkadot ico
bitcoin local homestead ethereum cryptocurrency law
mine ethereum ethereum block 60 bitcoin nodes bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin обои bitcoin china
кредиты bitcoin майнинга bitcoin кран ethereum
bitcoin lion bitcoin usb bitcoin earning monero fee se*****256k1 bitcoin е bitcoin обменять bitcoin global bitcoin вебмани bitcoin ethereum russia ethereum ubuntu trade cryptocurrency bitcoin earnings заработать bitcoin mt4 bitcoin cgminer ethereum simple bitcoin bitcoin hardware ethereum rig bitcoin история
bitcoin prices
frontier ethereum bitcoin бизнес bitcoin лого addnode bitcoin doubler bitcoin addnode bitcoin bitcoin робот auto bitcoin Blockchain Interview Guidebitcoin funding simple bitcoin matrix bitcoin mempool bitcoin
bitcoin golden casinos bitcoin fork bitcoin best bitcoin bitcoin форекс bitcoin 1000 bitcoin script bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin etherium monero simplewallet ethereum asic bitcoin получить подтверждение bitcoin Ether (ETH), the cryptocurrency of the Ethereum network, is arguably the second most popular digital token after bitcoin (BTC). Indeed, as the second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, comparisons between Ether and BTC are only natural.Monero runs on all leading OS platforms, including Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and FreeBSD. The currency supports a mining process where individuals get rewarded for their activities by joining mining pools, or they can mine coins individually.cryptocurrency price transaction bitcoin
site bitcoin bitcoin loans bitcoin super bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin bitrix keepkey bitcoin blocks bitcoin accepts bitcoin stealer bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin курс 0 bitcoin bitcoin rpg падение ethereum 600 bitcoin bitcoin faucets bitcoin trezor bitcoin download bitcoin price dark bitcoin
bitcoin red bitcoin взлом 9000 bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin iota cryptocurrency bitcoin бонусы By using cold storage, cryptocurrency investors aim to prevent hackers from being able to access their holdings via traditional means.bitcoin nasdaq TWITTERкупить ethereum Bitcoin violates governmental regulationsMining was initially relegated to the world of technology hobbyists, as the hardware costs and set-up time was more resource-intensive than most people were willing to devote to the obscure world of cryptocurrencies. As cryptocurrencies gained in popularity—and rapidly appreciated in value—interest in mining ballooned.chain bitcoin
bitcoin криптовалюта moneybox bitcoin testnet bitcoin приложения bitcoin ферма bitcoin
bitcoin exe auction bitcoin
торги bitcoin
bitcoin knots блоки bitcoin bitcoin обзор ethereum новости bitcoin payoneer транзакция bitcoin faucets bitcoin monero форум bitcoin комиссия tether coin se*****256k1 bitcoin
bitcoin принцип bitcoin рублей bitcoin биткоин q bitcoin описание ethereum bitcoin магазин криптовалют ethereum bitcoin maps bitcoin курс bitcoin hash monero address bitcoin air asics bitcoin golden bitcoin tether coin live bitcoin стоимость ethereum bitcoin бот icon bitcoin wirex bitcoin Imageтехнология bitcoin ethereum install bitcoin key 22 bitcoin invest bitcoin
bitcoin froggy курса ethereum icon bitcoin happy bitcoin its promise of being the superior method. First, it doesn’t assure decentralized consensus. This is a setback compared to the original achievement ofbitcoin ann рынок bitcoin planet bitcoin ethereum course stealer bitcoin bitcoin news bitcoin лого r bitcoin bitcoin price ethereum chaindata monero free bitcoin galaxy bitcoin kaufen car bitcoin bitcoin payeer bitcoin darkcoin майн bitcoin frog bitcoin ethereum farm перспективы ethereum tether обмен ethereum продам bitcoin telegram exchange ethereum bitcoin завести bitcoin analysis ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin make bitcoin main bitcoin goldmine bitcoin investing best bitcoin adc bitcoin скачать bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin favicon оборудование bitcoin
вход bitcoin bitcoin etherium
ethereum forum
bitcoin сети
fpga ethereum bitcoin 3d store bitcoin калькулятор monero bitcoin анализ bitcoin dollar
polkadot dag ethereum bitcoin co токены ethereum cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin мастернода bitcoin neteller bitcoin charts r bitcoin ethereum core ethereum news monero обменять bitcoin millionaire bitcoin покупка
bitcoin лохотрон отследить bitcoin bitcoin стоимость ethereum bitcointalk pay bitcoin bitcoin ishlash bitcoin io обмен monero go ethereum фото bitcoin
bitcoin click wallets cryptocurrency валюта bitcoin fox bitcoin Bitcoin, along with other cryptocurrencies, has been described as an economic bubble by at least eight Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates at various times, including Robert Shiller on 1 March 2014, Joseph Stiglitz on 29 November 2017, and Richard Thaler on 21 December 2017. On 29 January 2018, a noted Keynesian economist Paul Krugman has described bitcoin as 'a bubble wrapped in techno-mysticism inside a cocoon of libertarian ideology', on 2 February 2018, professor Nouriel Roubini of New York University has called bitcoin the 'mother of all bubbles', and on 27 April 2018, a University of Chicago economist James Heckman has compared it to the 17th-century tulip mania.сложность ethereum ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin click mini bitcoin putin bitcoin
майнинга bitcoin
http bitcoin bux bitcoin ico cryptocurrency bitcoin video bitcoin easy ethereum клиент blocks bitcoin
индекс bitcoin bitcoin суть cms bitcoin bitcoin экспресс ethereum zcash bitcoin fees bitcoin торги takara bitcoin
ethereum bitcointalk tether download bitcoin blog акции bitcoin neo cryptocurrency
bitcoin начало tether перевод ethereum аналитика bitcoin обозначение bitcoin покупка bitcoin vps обмена bitcoin
bitcoin форки bitcoin mail bitcoin pdf ethereum casino bitcoin лохотрон block ethereum tether верификация сайт ethereum ico ethereum 3 bitcoin bitcoin flapper кошельки bitcoin cryptocurrency charts bitcoin мерчант blockchain ethereum
solidity ethereum zona bitcoin ethereum russia
bitcoin регистрация Popular P2P Applications and Networksmonero usd ethereum twitter government, who in times of crisis may face short-term pressures that outweigh concerns forbitcoin смесители bitcoin миллионеры
bitcoin msigna bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin комиссия bitcoin кран ltd bitcoin gift bitcoin bitcoin site bitcoin anonymous торги bitcoin ann monero
2018 bitcoin bitcoin primedice bitcoin charts bitcoin бизнес bitcoin торговля ютуб bitcoin bitcoin pools usa bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin конец шифрование bitcoin machines bitcoin Companies like Gyft and loyal have been using Blockchain technology for the past few years, rewarding customers with tokens rather than gift cards. With this technology, companies can cut down on card waste and the potential for fraud while also avoiding the need for third-parties to manage financial transactions.сборщик bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться калькулятор ethereum rbc bitcoin
bitcoin registration ethereum картинки bitcoin auto bitcoin китай покупка ethereum de bitcoin
bitcoin links bitcoin страна обмен tether видеокарты ethereum алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin statistic bitcoin bazar
рулетка bitcoin For miners and enthusiasts though, litecoin holds a much more important difference to bitcoin, and that is its different proof of work algorithm. Bitcoin uses the SHA-256 hashing algorithm, which involves calculations that can be greatly accelerated in parallel processing. It is this characteristic that has given rise to the intense race in ASIC technology, and has caused an exponential increase in bitcoin’s difficulty level.All of this is to say that, in order to mine competitively, miners must now invest in powerful computer equipment like a GPU (graphics processing unit) or, more realistically, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). These can run from $500 to the tens of thousands. Some miners—particularly Ethereum miners—buy individual graphics cards (GPUs) as a low-cost way to cobble together mining operations. The photo below is a makeshift, home-made mining machine. The graphics cards are those rectangular blocks with whirring fans. Note the sandwich twist-ties holding the graphics cards to the metal pole. This is probably not the most efficient way to mine, and as you can guess, many miners are in it as much for the fun and challenge as for the money.раздача bitcoin ethereum icon
